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Samoa
Overview
Country Overview
Western Samoa consists of nine islands. The largest of these is Savai’i, which covers 1610 sq km (622 sq miles); fertile Upolu, the second largest (1120 sq km/433 sq miles), lies 13km (8 miles) to the southeast across the Apolima Strait. The islands are quiescent volcanoes and reach heights of up to 1858m (6097ft) on Savai’i and 1100m (3608ft) on Upolu. The main city, Apia, is located in the north of Upolu. The most populous island is Upolu. Apia, the capital, lies on the beautiful north coast. Nearby at Vailima is the house built by the Scottish poet and novelist Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived there from 1889 until his death on 5 December 1894. The most beautiful part of Western Samoa is the Aleipata district where waterfalls and white-sand beaches dominate the landscape. From Apia, a 65km (40-mile) drive leads to the Falefa Falls, Mafa Pass and Fuipisia Falls. Savai’i is the largest island in the Samoan archipelago, and has been described as ‘Polynesia at its truest’. At Samoan feasts, the traditional fare includes fresh seafood, roast suckling pig and chicken cooked in traditional umu ovens, breadfruit and fresh tropical fruit.
General Information
Area: 2831 sq km (1093 sq miles).
Population: 167,988 (official estimate 1999).
Population Density: 59.3 per sq km.
Capital: Apia (Upolu Island). Population: 34,126 (1991).
GEOGRAPHY: Samoa consists of nine islands. The largest of these is Savai’i, which covers 1610 sq km (622 sq miles); fertile Upolu, the second largest (1120 sq km/433 sq miles), lies 13km (8 miles) to the southeast across the Apolima Strait. The islands are quiescent volcanoes and reach heights of up to 1858m (6097ft) on Savai’i and 1100m (3608ft) on Upolu. Volcanic activity has not occurred since 1911. The main city, Apia, is located in the north of Upolu.
Government: Constitutional monarchy. Gained independence from New Zealand in 1962. Head of State: HH Malietoa Tanumafili II since 1963. Head of Government: Prime Minister Tuila’epa Sailele Malielegaoi since 1998.
Language: Samoan is the national language. In business and commerce, English is customary.
Religion: Congregational Church, Roman Catholic, Methodist and Latter Day Saints.
Time: GMT - 12.
Electricity: 240 volts AC, 50Hz (110 volts AC in some hotels). Three-pronged plugs are in use as in Australia and New Zealand.
Communications:
Telephone
Incoming IDD is available. Country code: 685. There are no area codes. Outgoing international calls must be made through the operator.
Mobile telephone
Samoa has its own analogue mobile phone system operated by Telecom Samoa.
Fax
Services are available from the main post office in Apia. There are hotels with facilities.
Internet
Internet and e-mail services are available at Computer Services Ltd and Le Samoa.net, both located in the Lotemau Shopping Centre, Apia. There is a growing number of other places around the islands with Internet access.
Telegram
Available from the main post office in Apia. Also in main towns and at major hotels.
Post
The main post office is located on Beach Road, Apia, and is open from Mon-Fri 0800-1630. Poste restante facilities are also available: enquire at post office. Airmail to Europe takes about three weeks.
Press
The main English-language newspapers are The Samoa Observer, Newsline and Savali.
BBC World Service and Voice of America frequencies: From time to time these change.
BBC (website: www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice):
Voice of America (website: www.voa.gov):
Passport/Visa
| | Passport Required? | Visa Required? | Return Ticket Required? | | British | Yes | 1 | Yes | | Australian | Yes | 1 | Yes | | Canadian | Yes | 1 | Yes | | USA | Yes | 1 | Yes | | OtherEU | Yes | 1 | Yes | | Japanese | Yes | 1 | Yes |
PASSPORTS: Passport valid for six months beyond the date of departure from Samoa required by all.
VISAS: Required by all except:
1. nationals of any country visiting Samoa for the purpose of business, education, training or pleasure for visits of up to 30 days, provided holding confirmed onward travel documentation, onward tickets and a valid passport. For longer stays, visas should be obtained before arrival.
Types of visa and cost: Entry permit, Business visa, Student visa: approximately €29.75.
Validity: Six months from date of issue.
Application to: Nearest Samoan Embassy or High Commission or the Immigration Division of the Prime Minister’s Department in Apia (PO Box L1861).
Application requirements: (a) Two passport-size photos. (b) Completed application form. (c) Fee.
Working days required: Apply at least four weeks in advance.
Temporary residence: Not considered.
Money
Currency: Tala or Samoa Dollar (Tala) = 100 sene. Notes are in denominations of Tala100, 50, 20, 10, 5 and 2. Coins are in denominations of Tala1, and 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 sene.
Currency exchange: Available at the airport or through banks. There are three banks in Samoa: ANZ Bank Samoa Ltd, Westpac and the National Bank of Samoa. These have ATMs at many of their branches throughout Samoa.
Credit & debit cards: MasterCard, Visa, Cirrus and Amex are accepted on a limited basis. Check with your credit or debit card company for details of merchant acceptability and other services which may be available.
Travellers cheques: Accepted in major hotels, banks and tourist shops. To avoid additional exchange rate charges, travellers are advised to take travellers cheques in US Dollars or Pounds Sterling.
Currency restrictions: There are no restrictions on the import of local or foreign currency. Export of local currency is prohibited. Export of foreign currency is limited to the amount imported.
Exchange rate indicators
The following figures are included as a guide to the movements of the Tala against Sterling and the US Dollar:
| Date | May ’02 | Aug ’02 | Nov ’02 | Feb ’03 | | £1.00= | 4.94 | 5.00 | 5.16 | 4.94 | | $1.00= | 3.39 | 3.29 | 3.26 | 3.11 |
Banking hours: Mon-Fri 0900-1500, some banks open Sat 0900-1200 and may have slightly longer opening hours.
Duty Free
The following items may be imported into Samoa by persons of 16 years of age or more without incurring customs duty:
200 cigarettes or 250g of cigars or tobacco; 1l of spirits; other goods for personal use up to Tala250.
Prohibited items: Firearms, ammunition, explosives, non-prescribed drugs and indecent publications. Live animals and plants (including seeds, fruit, soil, etc) may not be imported without prior permission from the Director of Agriculture.
Public Holidays
Dec 25 2002 Christmas Day. Dec 26 Boxing Day. Jan 1-2 2003 New Year. Apr 18-21 Easter. Apr 25 ANZAC Day. May 13 Mothers-of-Samoa Day. Jun 1 Independence Day. Aug 4 Labour Day. Oct 13 Lotu-a-Tamaiti (Day after White Sunday). Nov 1 Arbor Day. Dec 25 Christmas Day. Dec 26 Boxing Day. Jan 1-2 2004 New Year. Apr 9-12 Easter. Apr 25 ANZAC Day. May 13 Mothers-of-Samoa Day. Jun 1 Independence Day. Aug 2 Labour Day. Oct 11 Lotu-a-Tamaiti (Day after White Sunday). Nov 1 Arbor Day. Dec 25 Christmas Day. Dec 26 Boxing Day.
Health
| | Special Precautions | Certificate Required | | Yellow Fever | No | 1 | | Cholera | No | No | | Typhoid and Polio | 2 | N/A | | Malaria | No | N/A |
1: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required from travellers over one year of age arriving from infected areas.
2: Typhoid is present; polio has not been reported for three years.
Food & drink: Mains water is chlorinated, though bottled water may be preferable. Sterilisation is advisable. Milk is pasteurised and dairy products are safe for consumption. Local meat, poultry, seafood, fruit and vegetables are generally considered safe to eat.
Other risks: Hepatitis A occurs and hepatitis B is endemic.
Health care: Health insurance, while recommended, is not mandatory. All health services available to locals are accessible to foreigners usually at minimal cost to the traveller. Emergency medical facilities are available at Moto’otua Hospital, in Apia. Private medical and dental treatment is also available.
Travel - International
AIR: Samoa’s national airline is Polynesian Airlines (PH) (website: www.polynesianairlines.co.nz). Others operating to the islands are Air New Zealand, Air Pacific and Samoa Air.
Approximate flight times: From Apia to London is 26 hours 30 minutes. There is one direct flight a week from Honolulu, five from Auckland (four direct and one via Honolulu), one direct from Wellington, one from Melbourne (via Wellington), two from Sydney (one via Auckland, one via Auckland and Tonga), one direct from Fiji, two direct from Rarotonga, one direct from Tonga, and daily flights from Pago Pago (American Samoa).
International airports: Apia (APW) (Faleolo) is 34km (21 miles) from the capital (travel time – 40 minutes). Airport facilities include banks/bureaux de change, post office (Mon-Fri 0800-1630), duty-free shop and car hire (national firms). Buses and taxis operate to the city.
Air passes: The Polypass (offered by Polynesian Airlines) allows the holder to fly between the Southern Pacific destinations of American Samoa, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tahiti and Tonga; Honolulu (Hawaii) and Los Angeles in the USA; Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney in Australia; and Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington in New Zealand. The pass is valid for one year. Once a reservation has been made and travel begun, all travel must be completed within a maximum of 45 days. Tickets will be issued against the Polypass by any Polynesian Airlines office (a valid passport is also required). For further information, contact Polynesian Airlines (website: www.polynesianairlines.com).
The Visit the South Pacific Pass is valid for many airlines operating in the South Pacific, including most of the larger ones, such as Air Caledonie, Air Marshall Islands, Air Nauru, Air Niugingi, Air Pacific, Air Vanuatu, Polynesian Airlines, Qantas, Royal Tongan Airlines and Solomon Airlines. Offering reductions of up to 40 per cent on normal airfares, this sector-based pass allows for flexible island-hopping between the destinations of the Cook Islands, Fiji, Nauru, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tahiti, Tonga, Vanuatu and the more remote Melanesian and Micronesian islands, together with major cities in Australia (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) and New Zealand (Chirstchurch, Wellington, Auckland). It is only available for people resident outside of the South Pacific. The journey must be started outside the South Pacific and only one stopover in Australia is allowed. A minimum of two sectors must be bought before departure (extra sectors can be purchased en route). There is a maximum of one pass per person, and passes must be used within six months of the first day of travel. Children under 12 years of age pay 75 per cent of the adult fare. For details and conditions, contact the South Pacific Tourist Organisation (see Contact Addresses section).
Departure tax: Tala30 for adults. Transit passengers and children under 11 years of age are exempt.
SEA: The international port is Apia, on Upolu. It is served by both cargo and passenger ships from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Europe and the USA. There is also a weekly ferry service from Pago Pago on American Samoa.
Travel - Internal
AIR: Polynesian Airlines (PH) operates daily flights from Fagali’i or Faleolo on Upolu to Maota and Asau on Savai’i. Charter and sightseeing flights are available.
SEA: There are passenger/vehicle ferries between Upolu (Apia) and Savai’i (travel time – 65 minutes). Check with Samoa Shipping Corporation for up-to-date schedules (tel: 20935-6).
ROAD: Traffic drives on the right. Speed limits are 40kph (25mph) within the Apia area and 56kph (35mph) outside the Apia area. Drivers should be alert, especially at night, to the hazard of roaming pigs, dogs and people. Bus: Public transport covers most of the islands. There are no timetables; policemen at the New Market Bus Stand in Apia have information on bus departures. Taxi: Cheap and readily available in Apia. They are not metered and prices should be negotiated in advance. There is a minimum charge of Tala2. Longer trips are at a higher rate but are government regulated. Car hire: Available from several agencies. Deposit and insurance are usually required. Bicycles and motor scooters are also available. Documentation: An International Driving Permit for drivers over 21 years of age or a valid national licence. The Transport Ministry issues a local licence for a small fee. An International Driving Permit is required for car hire.
Accommodation
There is a government-backed programme to improve and extend facilities for visitors. In recent years, a number of new hotels and resorts have opened, and the choice varies hugely.
HOTELS: There is a good selection of distinctive hotels in Samoa offering high standards at reasonable prices (some inclusive of meals). There are also hotels located in rural areas, including Upolu’s south coast and Savai’i. For details, contact the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section).
SELF-CATERING: A village resort offers the opportunity for self-catering, although, if visitors prefer, a restaurant is also provided. There are many sporting and other facilities for guests. Beach cottages and fales are less expensive and offer fewer on-site facilities, though many of them can be found nearby.
ECOTOURISM: Over the last few years, the Samoa Visitors Bureau has initiated a National Ecotourism Programme designed to encourage sustainable and environmentally aware tourism by actively involving visitors in their efforts to preserve the natural habitat and national culture. As a result, a number of eco-villages have been established. One recent resort development incorporates a number of these aims, and comes complete with composting toilet and outside open-air shower; an on-site work programme and other activities aim to recreate village life, as well as offering trips to other coastal resorts and eco-villages. For further details, contact the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section).
Introduction
A drive anywhere on the two larger islands, Upolu and Savai’i, will inevitably pass through regions of remarkable beauty; ferries sail regularly between them. The smaller islands are more difficult to reach; boat trips and information on island tours and accommodation can be obtained from the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section). Some hotels and eco-villages (see the Accommodation section) also arrange their own trips to neighbouring islands and villages.
UPOLU: The most populous island. Apia, the capital and main commercial centre, lies on the beautiful north coast. Nearby at Vailima is the house built by the Scottish poet and novelist Robert Louis Stevenson (the local name for him was Tusitala, meaning ‘teller of tales’), who lived there from 1889 until his death on 5 December 1894. From the lawn, one can see his tomb on top of Mount Vaea. The house has been restored, and was officially opened as the Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in 1994 on the 100th anniversary of his death.
Aleipata district: This is the most beautiful part of Samoa, with a landscape dominated by waterfalls, white-sand beaches and traditional villages. From Apia, a 65km (40-mile) drive leads to the Falefa Falls, Mafa Pass and Fuipisia Falls. Four offshore islands are within accessible distance.
Lefaga Village: On the southwest coast, an attractive village can be reached by a cross-island road. The film Return to Paradise was filmed here in 1952.
Manono Island: Just off the coast of Upolu, this island was the inspiration for the legendary ‘Bali Hai’ in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical, South Pacific.
SAVAI’I: The largest island in the Samoan archipelago, this has been described as ‘Polynesia at its truest’. There are scheduled flights and a regular car ferry from Apia on Upolu.
Tafua Peninsula Rainforest Preserve: Ideal for seeing flying foxes and birdwatching, this Preserve is situated near the coastal village of Tafua.
The TiaSeu Ancient Mound: An awe-inspiring ‘pyramid’ and the largest ancient structure in the whole of Polynesia at 12m (39ft) tall.
Mu Pagoa Waterfall: This, along with the Alofaaga Blowholes, lava caves and lava fields, makes for interesting sightseeing, as does the Auala Green Turtle Conservation; a programme managed by the women’s committee where guides show you turtles before they are released back into the wild.
Sport & Activities
Watersports: Samoa offers excellent snorkelling and diving. Snorkelling is best at high tide, which reduces the need to walk over coral (and damage it). Good locations include the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve (open 0800-1800, on Upolu island) and the beaches from Safotu to Manase and between Lesolo Point and Tuasivi (Savai’i island). Diving trips can be arranged via the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section). Surfing has recently become popular although, as the waves break directly on coral reefs, Samoan waters are for experienced surfers only. Currents are often extremely strong as Samoa is located in the middle of the Pacific and ocean swells are not blocked. In some villages, surfing is not allowed on Sundays. On Savai’i island, the villages charge a daily surfing fee to help with school funding. There are currently two surfing resorts; surfing guides are available from the Samoa Visitors Bureau. There are many beautiful beaches and there is excellent freshwater swimming at Falefa Falls, Puila Cave Pool, Fogaafu Falls and Papase’ea Sliding Rock (a rock slide down a waterfall into a deep, cool, freshwater pool). Boats can be hired for net, spear, deep-sea and snorkel fishing.
Hiking: There are dozens of routes ranging from coastal walks to mountain treks. Trails tend to grow over rapidly and can sometimes be difficult to get through. Visitors should ask for local advice and permission before heading off or ask for a local guide from the Samoa Visitors Bureau.
Ecotourism: Educational tours to Samoa’s stretches of rainforest and conservation areas are available (one popular destination being Tanumapua, close to Apia). There are also several ecological research programmes and eco-lodges on offer (see also the Accommodation section). For information, contact the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section).
Note: Visitors should respect Samoan village traditions (see Social Conventions in the Social Profile section). Almost all Samoan land (as well as lagoons and bays) is the communal property of a village, family or individual, and visitors should always find out whose land they are accessing (only 20 per cent of the land is not administered by a village). Villagers maintain the beaches, viewing areas and conservation areas and the decision to develop attractions is usually made by a council of chiefs. A small entry fee is payable for most beaches and other attractions. Fees are often indicated, but if no price is given, visitors should ask. In case of doubt, advice can be obtained from other travellers or the Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section).
Other: The 18-hole golf course belonging to the Royal Samoa Golf Club at Fagali’i is open to non-members. A type of cricket is played locally and is very popular. Traditional cricket matches are played from November to March. The Apia Rugby Union rugby season is from March to June and schools also play at this time. Popular matches can be seen on Saturday afternoons at Apia Park. The national team Manu Samoa is world famous and the equal of many of the world’s best sides.
Social Profile
Food & Drink: At Samoan feasts, the traditional fare includes fresh seafood, roast suckling pig, chicken, breadfruit and fruit. Among the local specialities are dishes cooked in the traditional Samoan oven, umu. A variety of Chinese food is also available in a few places and there are several snack and light meal restaurants in Apia serving fast food and other Western food.
Kava is the national drink (see also the American Samoa and Fiji sections). Alcohol may not be purchased on Sundays except by hotel residents and their guests.
Nightlife: Several nightclubs offer dancing and other entertainment. Several cinemas show English-language films and Chinese films with subtitles.
Shopping: Local items include siapo (tapa) cloth, made from mulberry bark and painted with native dyes; mats and baskets; kava drinking bowls, made of hardwood and polished to a high gloss; shell jewellery; and Samoan stamps, available from the Philatelic Bureau. Shopping hours: Mon-Fri 0800-1200 and 1330-1630, Sat 0800-1230. Some shops remain open during the lunch hour.
Special Events: For a complete list of events and festivals during 2003, contact the Samoa Visitors Bureau. The following festivals are celebrated annually in Samoa:
Jan 4 Head of State’s Birthday Celebrations. Jun 1-2 Independence Day Celebrations. Aug International Game Fishing Tournament. Sep Teuila Festival. Oct Lotu-a-Tamaiti (White Sunday). Dec/Jan Christmas and New Year.
Social Conventions: Even more than their American Samoan neighbours, Samoans adhere to traditional moral and religious codes of behaviour. According to the Government, the Samoan is the purest surviving Polynesian type, with a reputation for being upright and dignified in character. Life in each village is still regulated by a council of chiefs with considerable financial and territorial power; this ‘extended family’ social system is intricately and unusually linked with the overall political system. Visitors should avoid walking through villages during evening prayer (usually between 1800 and 1900). Sunday is a day of peace and quiet, and visitors should behave quietly and travel slowly through villages. It is recommended for women to wear a lavalava (sarong) rather than shorts and pants; nude or topless bathing is prohibited. When entering a fale, shoes should be removed, visitors should never stand when elders are seated, and when sitting down, the soles of your feet should not be shown (the yogic cross-legged style is a good option). Permission should always be asked before taking photographs in a village. Visitors should not offer money to children, even when they ask. For access and fees to certain areas and villages, see the Sport & Activities section. Tipping: Not customary.
Business Profile
Economy: Most Samoans are involved in subsistence agriculture; some cash crops are also grown for export, the most important of which are coconut, cocoa and bananas. Timber is currently exported in small quantities. There is some small-scale manufacturing industry, mostly concerned with food-processing, textiles, woodworking and light engineering, and some small factories produce consumer goods for the domestic market. The Government has concentrated on tourism and export-oriented manufacturing in its efforts to develop the economy, although climatic problems (principally the regular cyclones which visit the country) have made this difficult. Nonetheless, tourism has now expanded to the point where it contributes 15 per cent of GDP, based on the arrival of 85,000 visitors to the island group annually. Overseas aid and remittances from Samoans working overseas – mostly in New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, in Australia – are therefore vital to the economy. In the last few years, the benefits of a 1996 trade agreement with the Chinese government have started to become apparent. Meanwhile, a parallel programme of economic reforms won the approval and ensuing financial support of the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and others. The economy is now growing at just under five per cent annually. Samoa is a member of both the South Pacific Forum and the South Pacific Commission. New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, Fiji, Japan and the USA are the major trading partners.
Business: Shirt and smart trousers will suffice for business visits. Ties need only be worn for formal occasions. Best time to visit is from May to October. Office hours: Mon-Fri 0800-1200 and 1300-1630.
Commercial Information: The following organisations can offer advice: Samoa Chamber of Commerce, Ground Floor, Lotemau Centre, Convent Street, PO Box 2014, Apia (tel: 21237; fax: 21578; e-mail: info@samoachamber.com; website: www.samoachamber.com); or Department of Trade, Commerce and Industry, PO Box 862, Apia (tel: 20471; fax: 21646; e-mail: tipu@tci.gov.ws); or Samoa Visitors Bureau (see Contact Addresses section).
Climate
Samoa has a warm, tropical climate tempered by trade winds between May and September. Temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year, becoming cooler at night. There are more than 2500 hours of sunshine annually. Rainfall is heaviest between December and April. Sea temperatures rarely fall below 24°C (75.2°F).
Required clothing: Lightweight cottons and linens with warmer clothes for evenings. Rainwear is advisable.
History and Government
History: The Polynesian inhabitants of the Samoan islands had been in residence for some 2000 years before the first European colonialists became interested. After missionaries had converted many of the islanders to Christianity in the 1830s, it was the Germans and Americans who vied to take control. Ultimately, the island group was divided between the two. Contemporary Samoa comprises those islands colonised by the Germans, who formally declared a protectorate over them in 1899. During World War I, the Germans were driven out by New Zealand, which later acquired a United Nations mandate to administer the territory. Measures towards local autonomy were introduced in the 1950s, before Samoa acquired independence in 1962 (as Western Samoa, under which name it was known until 1997) – the first Pacific island state to do so. The period of rule from Auckland, typified by racism, neglect and casual brutality on the part of the New Zealanders, carries bitter memories for the Samoans. In June 2002, New Zealand premier Helen Clark formally apologised to the Samoan people for their maltreatment during that period.
Political parties in the normal sense did not feature in Samoan politics until the late 1970s when a group of Fono (national assembly) members in opposition to the Government created the Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP). Three years after its creation, the party won the 1982 general election. Its sole rival, the Christian Democratic Party, was formed in 1985 but the Human Rights Protection Party formed the next government both then and in 1988. Despite the best efforts of the traditionalists – among them the head of the influential Catholic Church, Cardinal Pio Taofinuu – party politics appear to have taken a firm hold. At the elections of April 1991, universal suffrage was introduced for the first time, and the electorate responded with a 90 per cent turnout.
The Human Rights Protection Party was again returned to office under the leadership of Tofilau Eti Alesana. Two new Fono seats created in early 1992 were both won by the HRPP. At the general election of 26 April 1996, the HRPP retained its dominant position and Tofilau Eti was duly re-elected Prime Minister. However, this has not been a popular government: its autocratic style, intolerance of dissent, poor economic record and the perceived lack of accountability of its members, has produced frequent outbursts of civil protest. The Prime Minister came under increasing pressure to resign and eventually did so in 1998, to be replaced by Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi. The new government has done little to mend its ways and has since imposed significant restrictions on media freedom. The HRPP was expected to lose office at the ensuing election in March 2001, but managed to hang on to power with Malielegaoi leading a minority HRPP faction supported by independent members of the Fono.
Government: Samoa has a 49-member legislative assembly (the Fono) which is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. 47 members are elected from the ranks of the 16,000 Matai (titleholders); the other two seats are reserved for non-Samoan candidates. The Fono appoints the head of state for a five-year term. Executive power rests with the cabinet, comprising the Prime Minister and eight other ministers, appointed by the head of state with the approval of the Fono.
Copyright © 2003 Columbus Publishing Ltd.
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